May 16, 2021 SQLite
SQLite's UNION clause/operator is used to merge the results of two or more SELECT statements without returning any duplicate lines.
In order to use UNION, each SELECT must be selected with the same number of column expressions, the same data types, and ensure that they have the same order, but they do not have to have the same length.
The basic syntax of union is as follows:
SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition] UNION SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition]
The condition given here can be any expression as needed.
Suppose you have two tables, (1) the COMPANY table looks like this:
sqlite> select * from COMPANY; ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 1 Paul 32 California 20000.0 2 Allen 25 Texas 15000.0 3 Teddy 23 Norway 20000.0 4 Mark 25 Rich-Mond 65000.0 5 David 27 Texas 85000.0 6 Kim 22 South-Hall 45000.0 7 James 24 Houston 10000.0
(2) The other table is THED, as follows:
ID DEPT EMP_ID ---------- -------------------- ---------- 1 IT Billing 1 2 Engineering 2 3 Finance 7 4 Engineering 3 5 Finance 4 6 Engineering 5 7 Finance 6
Now let's connect the two tables using the SELECT statement and the UNION clause, as follows:
sqlite> SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID UNION SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
This results in the following:
EMP_ID NAME DEPT ---------- -------------------- ---------- 1 Paul IT Billing 2 Allen Engineerin 3 Teddy Engineerin 4 Mark Finance 5 David Engineerin 6 Kim Finance 7 James Finance
The UNION ALL operator is used to combine the results of two SELECT statements, including duplicate lines.
The rules that apply to UNION also apply to union ALL operators.
The basic syntax of UNION ALL is as follows:
SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition] UNION ALL SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition]
The condition given here can be any expression as needed.
Now let's connect the two tables using the SELECT statement and the UNION ALL clause, as follows:
sqlite> SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID UNION ALL SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
This results in the following:
EMP_ID NAME DEPT ---------- -------------------- ---------- 1 Paul IT Billing 2 Allen Engineerin 3 Teddy Engineerin 4 Mark Finance 5 David Engineerin 6 Kim Finance 7 James Finance 1 Paul IT Billing 2 Allen Engineerin 3 Teddy Engineerin 4 Mark Finance 5 David Engineerin 6 Kim Finance 7 James Finance